Diagnosis.—Dorsum tan to reddish brown; venter white; rarely flecked with
brown or black; a white stripe on upper lip, on flank, and usually above anus.

Description.—The following description is based on KU 58008 from Finca
La Paz, Depto. San Marcos, Guatemala (Pl. 12). Adult male having a snout-vent
length of 35.0 mm.; tibia length, 16.5 mm.; tibia length/snout-vent length,
47.1 per cent; foot length, 14.2 mm.; head length, 11.0 mm.; head length/snout-vent
length, 31.4 per cent; head width, 10.7 mm.; head width/snout-vent length,
30.6 per cent; diameter of eye, 3.3 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.8 mm.;
tympanum/eye, 54.5 per cent. Snout in lateral profile nearly square, slightly
rounded above, and in dorsal profile bluntly rounded; canthus pronounced;
loreal region moderately concave; lips thick, rounded, and slightly flaring;
nostrils protuberant; internarial distance, 3.0 mm.; top of head flat; interorbital
distance, 4.1 mm., and approximately a third broader than width of eyelid,
2.9 mm. Moderately heavy dermal fold from posterior corner of eye above
tympanum to point above insertion of forelimb, covering upper edge of tympanum;
tympanum round, its diameter slightly more than its distance from eye.
Forearm moderately robust, having distinct dermal fold on wrist; dermal fold,
but no row of tubercles along ventrolateral surface of forearm; pollex only
slightly enlarged, bearing triangular shaped patch of small horn-covered spines
(128 on right, 134 on left); second and fourth fingers equal in length; subarticular
tubercles round, distal one on fourth finger bifid; discs moderate in
size, that of third finger equal to diameter of tympanum; no web between first
and second fingers; other fingers one-third webbed. Heels broadly overlap
when hind limbs adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation reaches to middle of eye;
low rounded tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle large, elliptical, and flat;
outer metatarsal tubercle small and round; low dermal fold from heel to disc
of fifth toe; subarticular tubercles round; length of digits from shortest to longest
1-2-5-3-4; third and fifth toes webbed to base of disc; fourth toe webbed to
proximal end of penultimate phalanx; thin dermal fold from inner metatarsal
tubercle to disc of first toe; disc smaller than on fingers. Anal opening at the
level of the upper edge of thighs; anal flap short; anal opening bordered above
by thin transverse dermal fold and laterally by heavy dermal fold. Skin of
dorsum and ventral surfaces of forelimbs and shanks smooth; that of throat,
belly, and ventral surfaces of thighs granular. Ventrolateral glands moderately
developed, not reaching axilla or groin and broadly separated midventrally.
Tongue ovoid, emarginate, and only slightly free posteriorly; vomerine teeth
2-2, situated on small triangular elevations between ovoid inner nares; openings
[Pg 317]
to vocal sac large, one situated along inner posterior edge of each mandibular
ramus.

Dorsal ground-color of head, body, and limbs dull reddish brown with
irregular dark brown reticulations on head and body and dark brown transverse
bands on limbs; dorsal surfaces of first and second fingers and webbing on hand
cream color; dorsal surfaces of third and fourth fingers dull brown; anterior
surfaces of thighs dull creamy yellow; posterior surfaces of thighs dull brown;
tarsi and toes tan with brown flecks; webbing of feet brown; faint creamy white
stripe along lateral edges of tarsi and forearms; thin white line along edge of
upper lip; distinct white stripe above and beside anal opening; axilla white;
throat, chest, belly, and ventral surfaces of forelimbs creamy white; flanks
white, separated from pale venter by a row of partly connected dark brown
spots; ventral surfaces of thighs dull creamy yellow; feet grayish brown;
ventrolateral glands pale grayish brown; small brown flecks on periphery of
chin.

In life the dorsal ground-color was pale reddish brown (Orange-Cinnamon);
dorsal reticulations dark brown (Chocolate); dorsal surfaces of first
and second fingers and webbing on hands creamy tan (Light Pinkish Cinnamon);
posterior surfaces of thighs reddish brown (Vinaceous-Tawny); webbing
of feet gray (Deep Mouse Gray); throat and belly grayish white (Pale
Gull Gray); ventral surfaces of hind limbs creamy white (Marguerite Yellow);
spots on flanks dark brown (Warm Sepia); iris reddish bronze (Apricot
Orange).

Variation.—No geographic variation in structural characters is discernible;
variation in size and proportions is given in Table 1. Of 32 adults examined,
seven have the tongue shallowly notched posteriorly; in the others the tongue
is emarginate. Twenty specimens have a bifid subarticular tubercle beneath
the fourth finger; in the others there are no bifid tubercles.

The coloration described above is typical of the 16 specimens available from
Finca La Paz. The living coloration at night, when the frogs were collected,
was somewhat darker than the living colors described above, which were recorded
for the frogs the morning after collection, at which time one individual
had a pale reddish brown dorsum (Orange-Cinnamon) with dull olive green
(Deep Grape Green) reticulations on the back and transverse bands on the
limbs; the dorsal surfaces of the first and second fingers and the discs on the
third and fourth fingers were orange (Mikado Orange).

More than half of the specimens from Finca La Paz agree in all essential
characters with the description given above. The distinctness of the white
stripe on the upper lip is variable; in two individuals the stripe is barely discernible.
Likewise, in some individuals the white stripe on the flanks is not
distinct, either because there are few or no brown spots separating the stripe
from the pale venter, or because the ventrolateral gland has diffused the pale
color on the flanks. There is some noticeable variation in dorsal coloration,
either through a greater or lesser development of dark pigment. One specimen
(KU 58007) is grayish tan above with dark brown markings; the
posterior surfaces of the thighs are dull grayish yellow; the first and second
fingers and the webbing on the hands are pale yellowish gray; the belly and
throat are dusty white; the flecks on the throat are gray; the ventral surfaces
of the feet are grayish brown. Dark individuals, such as KU 58009 have a
uniform dark brownish black dorsum; the belly is cream; the first and second
[Pg 318]
fingers and the webbing on the hands are dull creamy tan; the dorsal and
ventral surfaces of the feet are dark brown. In KU 58013 there is a heavy
suffusion of brown on the throat and flanks. Two specimens have scattered
white flecks on the dorsum.

The reddish brown dorsal ground-color with dark brown reticulations on
the head and body and dark brown transverse bands on the limbs seems to be
rather constant throughout the range of the subspecies. Likewise, the presence
of the white stripe on the upper lip and the white stripe around the anal opening
are present on most specimens. In breeding males having well-developed
ventrolateral glands the lateral white stripe often is obliterated.

Description of Tadpole.—The following description is based on KU 60042
from Finca La Paz, Depto. San Marcos, Guatemala (Figs. 4A and 6A). No
limb buds; total length, 35.8 mm.; body length, 11.2 mm.; body length/total
length, 31.3 per cent. Body moderately depressed, slightly wider than deep,
ovoid in dorsal profile; mouth directed ventrally; eyes small, directed dorsolaterally;
nostrils slightly protuberant and directed anteriorly, closer to eye than
snout; spiracle sinistral and posteroventrad to eye; anal tube dextral. Caudal
fin low, rounded posteriorly; depth of caudal musculature about one-half
greatest depth of caudal fin; musculature extends nearly to tip of tail.

Mouth large; lips having deep lateral folds; two complete rows of papillae
on lips; five to six rows of papillae laterally. Beaks moderately developed,
bearing peglike serrations; slender lateral projections on upper beak; tooth-rows
4⁄6; upper rows subequal in length, second longest; fourth row interrupted
medially; lower rows complete; lower rows 1-4 equal in length to upper rows;
fifth lower row somewhat shorter; sixth lower row short.

Body brown above; tip of snout cream color; grayish cream color below;
caudal musculature creamy tan; caudal fin transparent; cream-colored crescent-shaped
mark on posterior edge of body and anterior part of caudal musculature,
bordered posteriorly by dark brown blotch; scattered brown flecks on caudal
musculature and posterior part of caudal fin. Eye bronze color in life.

Variation.—The variation in size and proportions is given in Table 2. In
some specimens the first upper tooth-row is irregular, sometimes broken, and
often shorter than other upper tooth-rows. Usually the fourth upper and first
lower, and sometimes the sixth lower, tooth-rows are interrupted medially. One
specimen has a short, irregular, seventh lower tooth-row; all others have six.

The cream-colored crescent-shaped mark usually is distinct. The brown
blotch posterior to this mark is variously shaped ranging from a narrow vertical
bar to a triangular blotch. Brown flecks seldom are present on the anterior
part of the ventral caudal fin.

Comparisons.—Aside from the characters given in the diagnosis, P. euthysanota
euthysanota can be distinguished from both P. spinipollex and P. leonhardschultzei
by the absence of bold black and white marbling on the flanks;
furthermore, from the former it can be distinguished by having more and
smaller horny nuptial spines and from the latter by having the snout, in
lateral profile, rounded above and not acutely angulate. Ptychohyla euthysanota
euthysanota differs from P. euthysanota macrotympanum by normally
having a darker dorsal color, broader stripe on upper lip, and a distinct lateral
stripe.

Occurring sympatrically with Ptychohyla euthysanota euthysanota are several
species of Plectrohyla, all of which differ in having a bony prepollex, rather
[Pg 319]
rugose skin on the dorsum, and more squat bodies. Other sympatric species
are Ptychohyla schmidtorum schmidtorum, which lacks a tarsal fold and nuptial
spines and has a red eye in life, Hyla salvadorensis, which has a green dorsum
and lacks spinous nuptial tuberosities, and Hyla sumichrasti, a small yellow
frog usually lacking vomerine teeth.

Distribution.—This subspecies inhabits cloud forests at elevations of 660 to
2200 meters on the Pacific slopes of the Sierra Madre from extreme eastern
Oaxaca and western Chiapas, México, through Guatemala to northern El
Salvador; probably it occurs also in southwestern Honduras. Aside from the
specimens listed below, three in the Frankfurt Museum from Depto. Santa Ana,
El Salvador (44571, Hacienda San José; 43040, Hacienda Los Planes; 65119,
Miramundo) are listed by Mertens (1952:29).

[Pg 320]
Specimens examined.—Mexico: Chiapas: Cascarada, 30 km. W of Cíltapec,
UMMZ 87851-2; Cerro Ovando, UMMZ 87853-4; Chicomuselo, UMMZ 94439-40;
Finca Juárez, 28 km. N of Escuintla, USNM 115052-5; Las Nubes, Cerro
Ovando, USNM 115030-8; Salto de Agua, USNM 115039-51. Oaxaca: Cerro
Pecho Blanco, UIMNH 40963; between La Gloria and Cerro Azul, UIMNH
40976-7; Río Grande, AMNH 51847-8; Santo Tomás Tecpan, UIMNH 41071.

Guatemala: San Marcos: Finca La Paz, 2 km. W of La Reforma, KU
58001-14, 59937 (skeleton), 60042-3 (tadpoles), 60044 (4 young), MCZ
34997, UMMZ 107739, 123151-7 (tadpoles); Finca Pirineos, Río Samalá,
CNHM 35066. Santa Rosa: Finca La Gloria, UMMZ 123148 (tadpoles),
123150 (tadpoles). Sololá: Finca Santo Tomás, UMMZ 123149 (tadpoles);
Olas de Mocá, near Mocá, CNHM 20208.

El Salvador: Chalatenango: Los Esemiles, USNM 73296. Santa Ana:
Miramundo, CNHM 65120.

Diagnosis.—Dorsum usually pale tan; venter white with scattered brown or
black flecks; a thin white stripe on upper lip and another above anal opening;
no distinct white stripe on flanks.

Description.—The following description is based on KU 58049 from Linda
Vista, Chiapas, México (Pl. 13). Adult male having a snout-vent length of
38.0 mm.; tibia length, 19.5 mm.; tibia length/snout-vent length, 51.3 per cent;
foot length, 15.7 mm.; head length, 11.8 mm.; head length/snout-vent length,
31.1 per cent; head width, 11.7 mm.; head width/snout-vent length, 30.8 per
cent; diameter of eye, 3.8 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 2.1 mm.; tympanum/eye,
55.2 per cent. Snout in lateral profile nearly square, slightly
rounded above, and in dorsal profile bluntly rounded; canthus pronounced;
loreal region concave; lips thick, rounded, and slightly flaring; nostrils protuberant;
internarial distance, 3.1 mm.; top of head flat; interorbital distance,
3.8 mm., and approximately a fourth broader than width of eyelid, 3.1 mm.
A moderately heavy dermal fold from posterior corner of eye above tympanum
to point above insertion of forelimb, covering upper edge of tympanum; tympanum
round, its diameter equal to its distance from eye. Forearm moderately
robust, having a distinct dermal fold on wrist; dermal fold, but no
row of tubercles along ventrolateral surface of forearm; pollex only slightly
enlarged, bearing triangular patch of small horn covered spines (94 on right,
100 on left); fourth finger slightly longer than second; subarticular tubercles
round, none bifid; discs moderate in size, that of third finger equal to diameter
of tympanum; vestige of web between first and second fingers; other fingers
one-third webbed. Heels broadly overlap when hind limbs adpressed; tibiotarsal
articulation reaches to middle of eye; weak tarsal fold on distal two-thirds
of tarsus; inner metatarsal tubercle large, elliptical, and flat; outer
metatarsal tubercle small and round; no dermal fold from heel to disc of fifth
toe; subarticular tubercles round; length of digits from shortest to longest
1-2-5-3-4; third toe webbed to base of disc; fifth toe webbed to middle of
penultimate phalanx; fourth toe webbed to proximal end of penultimate
phalanx; no fold of skin from inner metatarsal tubercle to base of disc on first
[Pg 321]
toe; discs much smaller than on fingers. Anal opening near upper edge of
thighs; short anal flap bordered above by thin dermal fold; small tubercles
and heavy dermal fold lateral to anal opening. Skin of dorsum and ventral
surfaces of fore limbs and shanks smooth; that of throat, belly, and ventral
surfaces of thighs granular. Ventrolateral glands weakly developed, not
reaching axilla or groin and broadly separated midventrally. Tongue ovoid,
shallowly notched posteriorly, and barely free behind; vomerine teeth 2-2,
situated on small triangular elevations between ovoid inner nares; openings to
vocal sac large, one situated along inner posterior edge of each mandibular
ramus.

Dorsal ground-color of head, body, and limbs pale pinkish tan with the
greatest part of head and body covered by large gray interconnected blotches;
black flecks over most of dorsum; grayish brown transverse bands on shanks;
dorsal surfaces of first and second fingers pale grayish yellow; dorsal surfaces
of third and fourth fingers and webbing on hand pale grayish tan; anterior
surfaces of thighs pale flesh-color; posterior surfaces of thighs pale grayish
yellow; dorsal surfaces of tarsi and toes pale grayish tan with black flecks;
webbing of feet pale gray; faint creamy white stripes along ventrolateral
edges of tarsi and forearms; a very thin white line along edge of upper lip;
a narrow grayish white stripe above anal opening; axilla gray; throat, chest,
belly, and ventral surfaces of forelimbs pale grayish white; ventral surfaces of
hind limbs cream color; flanks gray flecked with brown; ventral surfaces of
feet grayish tan; ventrolateral glands pinkish tan; anterior one-half of chin
flecked with brown.

In life the dorsum was pale tan (Pinkish Buff); the dark markings on dorsum
dull brown (Tawny-Olive); tarsi pale tan (Pale Pinkish Buff); flanks
pinkish tan (Pale Cinnamon-Pink); iris coppery bronze (Capucine Orange).

Variation.—The few specimens from a limited geographic region preclude
any analysis of geographic variation. All specimens, except the one described
above, have the fifth toe webbed to the base of the disc. Many individuals
have a bifid subarticular tubercle beneath the fourth finger. The shape of
the posterior edge of the tongue varies from nearly straight and shallowly
notched to bluntly rounded and emarginate. Two females (KU 58050-1)
have more pointed snouts in dorsal profile than do males.

Some specimens, such as KU 58048, are notably darker than the specimen
described above; in dark specimens the dorsum is brown with dark brown
markings; all fingers and the webbing on the hand are brown. The tarsi and
feet are like those in the specimen described above, but the posterior surfaces
of the thighs are yellowish tan heavily suffused with brown; the venter is
cream color. In life KU 58048 had a brown (Verona Brown) dorsum with
dark brown (Chocolate) markings. KU 58047 is slightly darker than KU
58048 and has scattered small white flecks on the dorsum. All specimens
have the thin white line on the upper lip, but in some individuals it is indistinct.
The grayish white line above the anus is present in all specimens.

Description of Tadpole.—The following description is based on KU 60049
from Río Hondo, 9.5 kilometers south of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, Chiapas,
México (Figs. 4B and 6B). No limb buds; total length, 36.2 mm.; body
length, 11.1 mm.; body length/total length, 30.6 per cent. Body moderately
depressed, slightly wider than deep, ovoid in dorsal profile; mouth directed
ventrally; eyes small, directed dorsolaterally; nostrils slightly protuberant and
[Pg 322]
directed anteriorly, somewhat closer to eye than snout; spiracle sinistral and
posteroventrad to eye; anal tube dextral. Caudal fin low, acutely rounded
posteriorly; depth of caudal musculature slightly more than one-half greatest
depth of caudal fin; caudal musculature extending nearly to tip of tail.

Mouth large; lips having deep lateral folds; two complete rows of papillae
on lips; five or six rows of papillae laterally. Beaks moderately developed,
bearing small peglike serrations; moderately wide lateral projections on upper
beak; tooth-rows 4⁄6; upper rows subequal in length; fourth row interrupted
medially; length of lower rows 1-4 subequal to upper rows; fifth and sixth
lower rows decreasing in length; first lower row interrupted medially.

Body brown above; tip of snout cream color; venter creamy white; caudal
musculature creamy tan; caudal fin transparent; cream-colored crescent-shaped
mark on posterior edge of body and anterior part of caudal musculature,
bordered posterodorsally by dark brown blotch; four dark brown blotches on
dorsum of anterior part of caudal musculature; scattered brown flecks on
caudal musculature and fin; eye silvery bronze in life.

Variation.—The variation in size and proportions is given in Table 2. All
specimens have 4⁄6 tooth-rows; in some the first lower row is interrupted
medially. Specimens from Jacaltenango and two kilometers west of San
Pedro Necta, Depto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala, have weakly developed sixth
lower tooth-rows.

The cream-colored crescent-shaped mark is distinct in all specimens; the
dorsal blotches on the anterior part of the caudal musculature are narrow and
do not extend far onto the sides of the tail. The blotches are most distinct in
small tadpoles and sometimes indistinct in large ones.

Comparisons.—Ptychohyla euthysanota macrotympanum can be distinguished
from both P. spinipollex and P. leonhardschultzei by the absence of bold black
and white marbling on the flanks, as well as by the characters given in the
diagnosis; furthermore, from the former it differs in having more and smaller
horny nuptial tuberosities and from the latter by having the snout, in lateral
profile, rounded above instead of angulate. Ptychohyla euthysanota macrotympanum
differs from P. e. euthysanota by normally having a paler dorsum, narrower
stripe on upper lip, and no distinct lateral stripe.

Ptychohyla euthysanota macrotympanum occurs sympatrically with Plectrohyla
guatemalensis and P. matudai matudai. Each of the last two has a bony
prepollex, rather rugose skin on the dorsum, and more squat body. Other
sympatric species are Hyla walkeri, which has a green dorsum with brown
markings and a rather pointed snout, and Hyla sumichrasti, a small yellow
frog usually lacking vomerine teeth.

Distribution.—This species occurs in mixed pine and broad-leafed forests
at elevations of 700 to 1700 meters on the southern slopes of the Chiapan Highlands
and Sierra de Cuchumatanes, in Guatemala. These forests are on the
south facing slopes north of the valleys of the Río Grijalva and Río Cuilco.

Specimens examined.—Mexico: Chiapas: 6 km. NE of Chiapa de Corzo,
TCWC 16183; 16 km. E of Chiapa de Corzo, AMNH 62141; Linda Vista, 2 km.
NW of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, KU 58049-51, 59939 (skeleton); Río
Hondo, 9.5 km. S of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, KU 58047-8, 60046-7,
60048-9 (tadpoles); San Fernando, MZTG 15, 17; Tonina (ruins), KU 41592.

Guatemala: Huehuetenango: Jacaltenango, UMMZ 123139 (tadpoles);
0.5 km. E of Jacaltenango, UMMZ 123142-3; 2 km. S of Jacaltenango, UMMZ
123141; 2 km. W of San Pedro Necta, UMMZ 123140 (tadpoles).

Diagnosis.—Rostral keel present; snout in lateral profile not rounded above;
interorbital region much broader than eyelid; distal subarticular tubercle
beneath fourth finger bifid or double; no white stripe on edge of upper lip;
flanks white with black spots.

Description.—The following description is based on KU 64117 from Vista
Hermosa, Oaxaca, México (Pl. 14). Adult male having a snout-vent length
of 35.6 mm.; tibia length, 18.0 mm.; tibia length/snout-vent length, 50.5 per
cent; foot length, 14.3 mm.; head length, 10.7 mm.; head length/snout-vent
length, 30.1 per cent; head width, 10.6 mm.; head width/snout-vent length,
29.8 per cent; diameter of eye, 3.6 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.8 mm.;
tympanum/eye, 50.0 per cent. Snout in lateral profile square, not rounded
above, and in dorsal profile rounded with pointed tip resulting from vertical
rostral keel; canthus pronounced; loreal region barely concave; lips thick,
rounded, and barely flaring; nostrils protuberant; internarial distance, 3.2 mm.;
top of head flat; interorbital distance, 3.8 mm., and approximately a fifth
broader than width of eyelid, 3.2 mm. A moderately heavy dermal fold from
posterior corner of eye above tympanum and curving ventrad to anterior edge
of insertion of forelimb, covering upper edge of tympanum; tympanum round,
its diameter equal to its distance from eye. Forearm moderately robust, having
distinct dermal fold on wrist; row of small, low, rounded tubercles along
ventrolateral surface of forearm; pollex only slightly enlarged, bearing triangular
patch of small horn-covered spines (56 on right, 62 on left); second finger
noticeably shorter than fourth; subarticular tubercles round, distal ones on
third and fourth toes bifid; discs moderate in size, that of third finger slightly
larger than diameter of tympanum; no web between first and second fingers;
other fingers one-third webbed. Heels broadly overlap when hind limbs adpressed;
tibiotarsal articulation reaches to middle of eye; a low rounded tarsal
fold on distal half of tarsus; inner metatarsal tubercle elevated, flat, and elliptical;
outer metatarsal tubercle at base of fourth toe, round; row of low, sometimes
indistinct, tubercles from heel to base of fifth toe; subarticular tubercles
round; length of digits from shortest to longest 1-2-3-5-4, third and fifth being
about equal in length; third and fifth toes webbed to base of disc; fourth
toe webbed to base of penultimate phalanx; discs of toes much smaller than on
fingers. Anal opening near dorsal surface of thighs; short anal flap; opening
bordered laterally by heavy dermal fold and ventrolaterally by large tubercles.
Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of forelimbs and shanks smooth; that of
throat, belly, and ventral surfaces of thighs granular. Ventrolateral glands
[Pg 325]
moderately developed, reaching axilla but not to groin and broadly separated
midventrally. Tongue cordiform, shallowly notched behind and barely free
posteriorly; vomerine teeth 4-3, situated on transverse elevations between ovoid
inner nares; openings to vocal sac large, one situated along inner posterior edge
of each mandibular ramus.

Dorsal ground-color of head, body, and limbs pale tan with large interconnected
dark brown blotches on head and body and broad dark brown
transverse bands on limbs; dorsal surfaces of first and second fingers and of
webbing of hands pale brown; dorsal surfaces of third and fourth fingers dark
brown; anterior surfaces of thighs flesh-color; posterior surfaces of thighs
brown; dorsal surfaces of tarsi and feet dark brown; narrow white stripe along
ventrolateral edges of forearms and tarsi; a faint creamy white stripe above
anal opening; axilla white; flanks creamy white, boldly spotted with black;
throat and chest white; ventral surfaces of tarsi and feet dark brown; other
ventral surfaces dusty cream color; large brown spots on chin and anterior
part of abdomen.

In life the dorsum was reddish brown (Orange-Cinnamon) with dark
brown (Chocolate) blotches; first and second fingers and webbing on hand
pale reddish brown (Cinnamon); webbing on feet dark brown (Clove Brown);
flanks pale creamy white (Pale Olive Buff) with dark brown (Bone Brown)
spots; iris reddish bronze (Apricot Orange).

Variation.—No noticeable geographic variation is apparent in the few available
specimens; variations in proportions are given in Table 1. The distal
subarticular tubercle of the fourth finger is either bifid or double in all specimens;
that on the third finger usually is bifid, sometimes single. The vertical
rostral keel is prominent in all freshly preserved specimens; in some older
specimens it is indistinct. The tongue always is notched posteriorly; in some
individuals the notch is shallow; in others it is deep.

Some specimens are paler and less boldly marked than the specimen described
above. All specimens from Agua del Obispo and some specimens
from the northern slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Oaxaca have a pale
tan dorsum with brown markings. In most individuals the white color in the
axilla extends onto the posterior edge of the upper arm. The creamy white
color of the flanks is constant and usually extends slightly dorsad in the
inguinal region. The white stripe above, and sometimes continuing down beside,
the anal opening varies from a thin indistinct line or row of flecks to a
distinct continuous stripe. Two specimens have dark brown spots on the
belly; in the others the spots are confined to the flanks and throat.

Description of tadpole.—The following description is based on KU 68556
from 7.5 kilometers south of Yetla, Oaxaca, México (Figs. 4C and 6C). No
limb buds; total length, 37.3 mm.; body length, 12.2 mm.; body length/total
length, 32.7 per cent; body slightly depressed, barely wider than deep, ovoid
in dorsal profile; mouth directed ventrally; eyes small, directed dorsolaterally;
nostrils barely protuberant and directed anterolaterally, about midway between
snout and eye; spiracle sinistral and posteroventrad to eye; anal tube dextral.
Caudal fin low, bluntly rounded posteriorly; greatest depth of caudal musculature
about one-half depth of caudal fin; musculature extends nearly to tip of
tail.

Mouth large; lips having deep lateral folds; two complete rows of papillae
on lips; five to seven rows of papillae laterally; beaks moderately developed,
[Pg 326]
bearing short peglike serrations; moderately wide lateral projections on upper
beak; tooth-rows 4⁄6; upper rows subequal in length; fourth row interrupted
medially; length of lower rows 1-4 equal to upper rows; fifth and sixth lower
rows shorter; first lower row interrupted medially.

Body brown above; tip of snout brown; venter creamy gray; caudal musculature
creamy tan; caudal fin transparent; cream-colored crescent-shaped mark on
posterior edge of body; dark brown flecks on caudal musculature and all except
anterior two-thirds of ventral caudal fin; large brown square blotches on dorsum
of caudal fin; eye reddish brown in life.

Variation.—The variation in size and proportions is given in Table 2. With
the exception of one specimen having a short, broken, seventh tooth-row, all
specimens have 4⁄6 tooth-rows that are like those described above. In some
specimens the brown blotches on the dorsum of the caudal musculature are
fused and marked with cream-colored flecks.

Comparisons.—Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei differs from all other members
of the Ptychohyla euthysanota group in having a square snout, and further
differs from P. spinipollex in more numerous and smaller nuptial spines and in
transverse, instead of posteromedially slanting, vomerine processes between
the inner nares. Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei differs from P. euthysanota in
having a rostral keel and in having white flanks boldly spotted with black.

All small hylids that are sympatric with Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei are
either yellow (Hyla dendroscarta and H. melanomma) or green (Hyla erythromma,
which has a red eye, Hyla hazelae, which has a black line on the
canthus, and Ptychohyla ignicolor, which has red flash colors on the thighs).

Distribution.—This species is known from pine-oak forest and cloud forest
on the Pacific slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero and Oaxaca and
from the Atlantic slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental in northern Oaxaca.
Specimens have been collected at elevations between 700 and 1650 meters.
Probably the species occurs in humid forests at similar elevations around the
eastern end of the Mexican Highlands in Oaxaca.

Specimens examined.—Mexico: Guerrero: Agua del Obispo, CNHM
123489-90, 126651, 106300, MCZ 29639, UIMNH 25047, 25049, USNM
114551; Malinaltepec, ZMB 34351, 34353. Oaxaca: 2.5 km. N of La Soledad,
KU 58061; San Lucas Camotlán, UIMNH 3201, USNM 123700-1; Vista Hermosa,
KU 64116-7, 64119, 68560 (tadpoles), 71344, 71717-8 (tadpoles),
UMMZ 119604; 5 km. S of Yetla, KU 60045 (tadpoles); 7.5 km. S of Yetla,
KU 64118, 68556-7 (tadpoles), 68559 (tadpoles), 68561 (2 young), 68630
(skeleton), UMMZ 115514-5, 118863 (tadpoles); 9 km. S of Yetla, KU 68558
(tadpoles).

Diagnosis.—Rostral keel present; snout in lateral profile rounded above;
eyelid nearly as wide as interorbital region; flanks white with brown spots;
belly spotted; nuptial spines pointed and moderate in size.

Description.—The following description is based on KU 58054 from Finca
Los Alpes, Depto. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala (Pl. 15). Adult male having a
snout-vent length of 37.7 mm.; tibia length, 18.2 mm.; tibia length/snout-vent
length, 48.2 per cent; foot length, 15.8 mm.; head length, 11.7 mm.;
head length/snout-vent length, 31.0 per cent; head width, 11.7 mm.; head
width/snout-vent length, 31.0 per cent; diameter of eye, 3.6 mm.; diameter
of tympanum, 1.9 mm.; tympanum/eye, 52.7 per cent. Snout in lateral profile
[Pg 328]
nearly square, slightly rounded above, and in dorsal profile rounded with a
pointed tip resulting from vertical rostral keel; canthus pronounced; loreal
region barely concave; lips thick, rounded, and barely flaring; nostrils protuberant;
internarial distance, 3.0 mm.; top of head flat; interorbital distance,
3.7 mm., about equal to width of eyelid, 3.6 mm. A heavy dermal fold from
posterior corner of eye above tympanum to point above insertion of forearm,
covering upper edge of tympanum; tympanum round, its diameter equal to
its distance from eye. Forearm moderately robust, having faint dermal fold
on wrist; row of low, rounded tubercles along ventrolateral edge of forearm;
pollex only slightly enlarged, bearing triangular patch of moderate-sized,
pointed, horn-covered spines (38 on right, 43 on left); second finger noticeably
shorter than fourth; subarticular tubercles round, distal one on fourth
finger bifid; discs of fingers of moderate size, that of third finger slightly
smaller than diameter of tympanum; vestigial web between first and second
fingers; other fingers one-third webbed. Heels broadly overlapping when
hind limbs adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation reaches to middle of eye; distinct,
but low, tarsal fold extending length of tarsus; inner metatarsal tubercle
elevated, flat, and elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle small and round, near
base of fourth toe; row of low indistinct tubercles from heel to base of fifth toe;
subarticular tubercles round; length of toes from shortest to longest 1-2-3-5-4,
the third and fifth being about equal in length; third and fifth toes webbed
to base of disc; fourth toe webbed to base of penultimate phalanx; discs of toes
slightly smaller than those on fingers. Anal opening near upper edge of
thighs; opening bordered laterally by moderately heavy dermal folds
and ventrolaterally by tubercles. Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of
forelimbs and shanks smooth; that of throat, belly, and ventral surfaces of
thighs granular. Ventrolateral glands barely evident. Tongue ovoid, barely
notched behind and slightly free posteriorly; vomerine teeth 2-3, situated
on -shaped elevations between round inner nares; openings to vocal sac
large, one situated along inner posterior edge of each mandibular ramus.

Dorsal ground-color of head, body, and limbs grayish tan with dark brown
reticulations on head and body and dark brown transverse bars or spots on
limbs; first and second fingers cream color; third and fourth fingers and
webbing on hands pale grayish brown; anterior surfaces of thighs reddish tan;
posterior surfaces of thighs yellowish tan; tarsi and toes pale grayish tan with
brown flecks; webbing on foot pale brown; faint white stripe along ventrolateral
edges of tarsi and forearms; narrow white line above and beside anal
opening; no white stripe on edge of upper lip; axilla pale flesh-color; throat,
chest, and ventral surfaces of limbs pale creamy gray; belly white with
scattered brown flecks; flanks grayish white with dark brown flecks; ventral
surfaces of tarsi dark brown; ventrolateral glands grayish tan.

In life the dorsal ground-color of the head, body, fore limbs, and thighs
was yellowish tan (Pinkish Buff); dorsal surfaces of shanks and tarsi pale
yellowish tan (Pale Pinkish Buff); markings on head and back brown (Snuff
Brown) to dark brown (Chocolate); dark bands on limbs brown (Tawny-Olive);
first and second fingers creamy tan (Light Pinkish Cinnamon); posterior
surfaces of thighs creamy tan (Light Pinkish Cinnamon); third and fourth
fingers and webbing on hand grayish brown (Avellaneous); webbing on feet
dark brown (Olive Brown); axilla pale pink (Hydrangea Pink); flanks buff
[Pg 329]
(Cream-Buff) becoming yellow (Lemon Chrome) in groin; spots on flanks
dark brown (Clove Brown); iris dull grayish bronze (Orange-Citrine).

Variation.—The distal subarticular tubercle beneath the fourth finger is
bifid in about two-thirds of the specimens; in the rest it is round. The posterior
edge of the tongue varies from being emarginate to shallowly notched. In
most specimens the row of tubercles along the outer edge of the tarsus is
made up of discrete tubercles, but in some individuals the tubercles form a
nearly continuous dermal fold. Most specimens have the vomerine teeth
situated on -shaped elevations, but in some individuals the elevations are
more nearly transversely situated between the inner nares.

All 42 specimens from Finca Los Alpes, Guatemala, have dark brown
spots and flecks on the venter. Some individuals have only a few flecks on
the throat and a few large spots on the flanks, as does KU 64125. Other
specimens, such as KU 64132, have dense spotting over the entire venter.
The color of the dorsum varies from pale tan to dark brown with darker brown
markings; the white line above the anus is present in all specimens, but in
some it is indistinct. KU 58053 and 64127 have a dark brown dorsum with
large pale tan, square blotches; in life the blotches were pale tan (Pinkish
Buff); the rest of the dorsum was dark brown (Sayal Brown). KU 58052
is dark brown with many small white flecks on the dorsum; in life the dorsum
was deep olive brown (Dark Olive).

Aside from the differences mentioned above, all specimens from Guatemala
are similar in coloration. Three specimens from Honduras (MCZ 21300 and
UMMZ 113102-3) have unspotted white venters. MCZ 21300, the holotype
of P. spinipollex, lacks a white stripe above the anal opening, whereas the
stripe is indistinct in UMMZ 113102-3.

Description of tadpole.—The following description is based on KU 60053
from Fina Los Alpes, Depto. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala (Figs. 4D and 6D).
No limb buds; total length, 37.2 mm.; body length, 12.2 mm.; body length/total
length, 32.8 per cent. Body rounded, not depressed, as wide as deep, ovoid
in dorsal profile; mouth directed ventrally; eyes small, directed dorsolaterally;
nostrils barely protuberant and directed anterolaterally, somewhat closer to eye
than snout; spiracle sinistral and posteroventrad to eye; anal tube dextral.
Caudal fin low, bluntly rounded posteriorly; greatest depth of caudal musculature
about one-half depth of caudal fin; musculature extends nearly to tip of
tail.

Mouth large; lips having deep lateral folds; two complete rows of papillae
on lips; six or seven rows of papillae laterally; beaks moderately developed,
bearing fine blunt serrations; slender lateral projections on upper beak; tooth-rows
4⁄7; upper rows subequal in length; fourth row interrupted medially; lower
rows 1-4 equal in length to upper rows; lower rows 5-7 decreasing in length;
first lower row interrupted medially.

Top of head and tip of snout brown; venter creamy gray; caudal musculature
tan; caudal fin transparent; faint cream-colored, narrow, crescent-shaped
mark on posterior edge of body, not bordered posteriorly by dark brown mark;
brown flecks scattered on caudal musculature and caudal fin; only a few flecks
on anterior half of ventral caudal fin; eye bronze-color in life.

Variation.—The variation in size and proportions as compared with tadpoles
of other species is given in Table 2. Of the 57 tadpoles of this species that I
[Pg 330]
have examined, 21 have only six lower tooth-rows, although in some of these
specimens a faint ridge for a seventh row is present. In those specimens having
seven lower rows, the seventh often is broken.

There is considerable variation in coloration. None has a distinct cream-colored,
crescent-shaped mark bordered posteriorly by a dark brown bar or
triangle, as in the other species in the Ptychohyla euthysanota group. Most
specimens have a rather indistinct crescent; some have no crescent. In a few
specimens there is a weakly outlined dark mark posterior to the crescent.
Some specimens in a series of tadpoles from 32 kilometers north of Morazán,
Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, have faint dorsal blotches on the dorsal musculature,
much like those in tadpoles of Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei.

Comparisons.—Ptychohyla spinipollex differs from all other species in the
genus by having moderate-sized, instead of small, pointed nuptial spines; also
it has fewer spines than the other species (see discussion of this character in
Analysis of Data). The nearly equal interorbital breadth and width of the
upper eyelid also is diagnostic of this species.

Other hylids sympatric with Ptychohyla spinipollex include three species of
Plectrohyla, each of which has a bony prepollex, heavy body, and rugose skin
on the dorsum. The only other sympatric hylid that could be confused with
Ptychohyla spinipollex is Hyla bromeliacea, which has a round snout and
yellowish tan dorsum not marked with dark brown.

Distribution.—This species lives in cloud forests at elevations of 800 to
1700 meters on the Atlantic side of the Guatemalan Highlands from the Sierra
de Cuchumatanes in western Guatemala eastward to central Honduras.

Specimens examined.—Guatemala: Alta Verapaz: Finca Chichén, UMMZ
90876 (tadpoles); Finca Los Alpes, KU 58052-60, 59939 (skeleton), 60053
(tadpoles), 64122-41, 68562, 68563 (tadpoles), 68631-2 (skeletons), MCZ
35000-1, UMMZ 90873, 90874 (3), 90875 (tadpoles); La Primavera, UMMZ
90877 (tadpoles); Panzamalá, UMMZ 90878 (tadpoles). Baja Verapaz: 32
[Pg 331]
km. N of Morazán, KU 68564 (tadpoles); Santa Elena, UMMZ 98119, 98120
(2). Huehuetenango: 1 km. E of Barillas, UMMZ 123136-7 (tadpoles).
Progreso: Finca Bucaral, UMMZ 106783 (3), 123138 (tadpoles), S-1292
(skeleton).

Honduras: Atlantidad: Mountains behind Ceiba, MCZ 21300. Morazán:
Cerro Uyuca, UMMZ 123102-3.

Diagnosis.—Diameter of tympanum more than half of diameter of eye;
internarial region depressed; toes three-fourths webbed; no red flash-colors on
thighs.

Diagnosis.—Vomerine teeth 5-11; dorsum dark brown; white spot below
eye; eye red in life.

Description.—The following description is based on KU 58043 from Finca
La Paz, Depto. San Marcos, Guatemala (Pl. 16). Adult male having snout-vent
length of 31.6 mm.; tibia length, 15.0 mm.; tibia length/snout-vent length,
47.5 per cent; foot length, 12.5 mm.; head length, 10.2 mm.; head length/snout-vent
length, 32.3 per cent; head width, 9.9 mm.; head width/snout-vent length,
31.3 per cent; diameter of eye, 3.4 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.8 mm.;
tympanum/eye, 52.9 per cent. Snout in lateral profile nearly square, slightly
rounded above and below, and in dorsal profile bluntly squared; canthus pronounced;
loreal region concave; lips thick, rounded, and flaring; nostrils protuberant;
internarial distance, 2.2 mm.; internarial region depressed; top of
head flat; interorbital distance, 3.4 mm., much greater than width of eyelid,
2.5 mm. Thin dermal fold from posterior corner of eye above tympanum to
insertion of forelimb, covering upper edge of tympanum; tympanum round,
its diameter equal to its distance from eye. Forearm slender, lacking distinct
dermal fold on wrist; row of low rounded tubercles along ventrolateral edge
of forearm; pollex slightly enlarged; no nuptial spines; second and fourth
fingers about equal in length; subarticular tubercles small and round, distal
one beneath fourth finger bifid; discs small, that of third finger noticeably
smaller than tympanum; no web between first and second fingers; vestige of
web between other fingers. Heels overlap when hind limbs adpressed;
tibiotarsal articulation reaches to middle of eye; no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal
tubercle large, flat, and elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle small, ovoid,
slightly more distal than inner; subarticular tubercles round; length of digits
from shortest to longest 1-2-5-3-4; third and fifth toes webbed to base of
discs; fourth toe webbed to base of penultimate phalanx; discs of toes smaller
[Pg 332]
than on fingers. Anal opening directed posteriorly at upper edge of thighs;
no anal flap; pair of large tubercles below anal opening and smaller tubercles
farther below. Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of forelimbs and shanks
smooth; that of belly and ventral surfaces of thighs granular. Ventrolateral
glands well developed, reaching axilla and groin and narrowly separated on
chest. Tongue ovoid, emarginate posteriorly, and only slightly free behind;
vomerine teeth 3-3, situated on small triangular elevations between ovid inner
nares; openings to vocal sac large, one situated along inner posterior edge of
each mandibular ramus.

Dorsum of head, body, and limbs reddish brown with indistinct, irregular
darker brown markings on body and dark brown transverse bands or spots
on limbs; first and second fingers creamy white; third and fourth fingers brown;
dorsal surfaces of tarsi and third, fourth, and fifth toes tan with brown spots;
first and second toes and webbing on feet creamy tan; enamel-white stripe
along edge of upper lip continuing over, and on posterior edge of, forearm to
groin, expanded to form spot below eye; belly white, unspotted; ventrolateral
glands pale brown; ventral surfaces of hind limbs and anterior and posterior
surfaces of thighs cream color; enamel-white stripe on heel; creamy white stripe
along ventrolateral edges of tarsi and forearms.

In life dorsum reddish brown (Terra Cotta) with dark brown (Burnt
Umber) markings; first and second fingers and first and second toes orange-yellow
(Light Orange-Yellow); posterior surfaces of thighs pale reddish tan
(Ochraceous-Salmon); webbing on feet yellowish tan (Deep Colonial Buff);
belly white; iris red (Nopal Red).

Variation.—Little variation in structural characters was observed. All but
five specimens have bifid subarticular tubercles beneath the fourth finger.
Three specimens have cordiform tongues, and in four others the tongue is
ovoid and shallowly notched behind; all other specimens have an emarginate
ovoid tongue.

Some individuals when active at night had a pale brown (Ochraceous-Tawny)
dorsum with dull olive green (Dark Olive Buff) markings. Otherwise
there was no noticeable variation in color.

Description of tadpole.—The following description is based on KU 60051
from Finca La Paz, Depto. San Marcos, Guatemala (Figs. 5A and 6E). Small
hind limbs; total length, 37.9 mm.; body length, 11.6 mm.; body length/total
length, 30.6 per cent. Body only slightly depressed, nearly as deep as wide,
in dorsal profile ovoid, widest just posterior to eyes; in lateral profile snout
rounded; mouth directed ventrally; eyes small, directed dorsolaterally; nostrils
barely protuberant, directed anteriorly, somewhat closer to eye than snout;
spiracle sinistral and posteroventrad to eye; anal tube dextral. Tail long and
slender; caudal fin low and rounded posteriorly; depth of caudal musculature
one-half greatest depth of caudal fin; musculature not extending to tip of tail.

Mouth large; thin fleshy lips greatly expanded and forming large funnel-shaped
disc; width of mouth two-thirds greatest width of body; outer edge
of lips having one row of small papillae; inner surfaces of mouth smooth;
scattered large papillae forming one nearly complete row around teeth; other
large papillae laterally; beaks moderately developed, bearing long, pointed
denticulations; no lateral projections on upper beak; tooth-rows 3⁄3, all short;
second and third upper rows subequal in length; first upper row shorter; first
[Pg 333]
and third upper rows interrupted medially; first lower row interrupted medially,
equal in length to second and third upper rows; second lower row slightly
shorter; third lower row shortest.

Body mottled brown and creamy gray above and below; mouth colored
like body; caudal musculature creamy tan; caudal fin transparent; dark brown
streak mid-laterally on anterior third of caudal musculature; rest of tail and
all of caudal fin heavily flecked with brown; eye red in life.

Variation.—The third upper tooth-row is interrupted in all specimens; in
some individuals the first upper and first lower rows are complete. The variation
in size and proportions is given in Table 2. The dark brown lateral
streak on the anterior part of the caudal musculature is distinct on most specimens;
the only other variation in coloration is in the amount of brown flecking
on the caudal musculature and fin.

Comparisons.—Ptychohyla schmidtorum schmidtorum differs from P. schmidtorum
chamulae as stated in the diagnosis and in having pale creamy tan, as
opposed to dark brown, webbing on the feet; and from P. ignicolor in having
a depressed, as opposed to a flat, internarial region. Tadpoles of P. s. schmidtorum
have a mottled appearance, as opposed to the more uniform brown color
of P. s. chamulae.

Ptychohyla schmidtorum schmidtorum and several species of Plectrohyla
are sympatric. All species of the latter genus have a bony prepollex, rugose
skin on the dorsum, and heavy body; also sympatric is Ptychohyla e. euthysanota,
which has a tarsal fold and in breeding males spinous nuptial tuberosities.

Distribution.—This species is known only from a limited area at elevations
between 1300 and 2200 meters on the Pacific slopes of the Sierra Madre
in extreme eastern Chiapas and western Guatemala.

Specimens examined.—Mexico: Chiapas: Finca Irlandia, UMMZ 105429-30.

Guatemala: San Marcos: El Porvenir, CNHM 20755, 20761, 69904,
UMMZ 80918; Finca La Paz, 2 km. W of La Reforma, KU 58016-44, 59940-2
(skeletons), 60050 (3 young), 60051 (tadpoles), 60052 (4 young), MCZ
34998-9, UMMZ 123144-7 (tadpoles).

Diagnosis.—Vomerine teeth 4-6; dorsum bright green; white lateral stripe;
eye reddish bronze in life.

Description.—The following description is based on KU 58069 from 6.2
kilometers south of Rayón Mescalapa, Chiapas, México (Pl. 17). Adult male
having a snout-vent length of 27.6 mm.; tibia length, 13.0 mm.; tibia
length/snout-vent length, 47.1 per cent; foot length, 10.8 mm.; head length,
9.6 mm.; head length/snout-vent length, 34.7 per cent; head width, 9.2 mm.;
head width/snout-vent length, 33.1 per cent; diameter of eye, 3.0 mm.;
diameter of tympanum, 1.6 mm.; tympanum/eye, 53.3 per cent. Snout in
lateral profile nearly square, slightly rounded above and below, and in dorsal
profile blunt, almost square; canthus pronounced; loreal region concave; lips
thick, rounded and flaring; nostrils protuberant; internarial distance, 2.5 mm.; internarial
region slightly depressed; top of head flat; interorbital distance, 3.3
mm., much greater than width of eyelid, 2.5 mm. Thin dermal fold, from
posterior corner of eye above tympanum to insertion of fore limb, covering
upper edge of tympanum; tympanum nearly round, its diameter equal to its
distance from eye. Forearm slender, lacking distinct fold on wrist; row of
low, rounded tubercles on ventrolateral surface of forearm; pollex slightly enlarged,
without nuptial spines; second and fourth fingers equal in length; subarticular
tubercles round, that under fourth finger bifid; discs small, that of
third finger noticeably smaller than tympanum; no web between first and
second fingers; vestige of web between other fingers. Heels overlapping when
hind limbs adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation reaches to middle of eye; no
tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle large, flat, and elliptical; outer metatarsal
tubercle small, elliptical, slightly more distal than inner; subarticular tubercles
round; length of digits from shortest to longest 1-2-5-3-4; third and fifth toes
webbed to base of disc; fourth toe webbed to base of penultimate phalanx;
discs smaller on toes than on fingers. Anal opening directed posteriorly at
upper edge of thighs; no anal flap; pair of large tubercles below anal opening.
Skin of dorsum and of ventral surfaces of forelimbs and shanks smooth; that
of throat, belly, and ventral surfaces of thighs granular. Ventrolateral glands
well developed, not reaching axilla or groin and broadly separated midventrally.
Tongue cordiform, shallowly notched behind and only slightly free
posteriorly; vomerine teeth 2-3, situated on small triangular elevations
[Pg 335]
between ovoid inner nares; openings to vocal sac large, one situated along inner
posterior edge of each mandibular ramus.

Dorsum of head, body and limbs reddish brown with dark purplish brown
markings on back and shanks; first finger creamy tan; other fingers pale
brown; dorsal surfaces of tarsi, third, fourth, and fifth toes dull tan with
brown spots; first and second toes creamy tan; webbing on feet brown;
anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs tan; faint creamy white stripe along
ventrolateral edges of tarsi and forearms; enamel-white stripe on heel; axilla
and groin gray; enamel-white stripe on edge of upper lip, continuing onto
proximal upper surfaces of forelimb and on flanks to groin, widened under eye
to form large spot, and bordered below on flanks by dark brown stripe; white
stripe above and white spots below anal opening; throat and chest white;
belly and ventral surfaces of limbs cream color; brown dash on either side of
chin and brown spot on throat near angle of jaws; few brown flecks on belly;
ventrolateral glands orange-tan; ventral surfaces of tarsi and feet brown.

In life, dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs bright green (Shamrock
Green); first and second fingers pale orange (Apricot Yellow); stripe on upper
lip and spot below eye enamel-white; stripe on flanks silvery white, bordered
below by brown (Saccardo's Umber) brown; anterior and posterior surfaces of
thighs yellowish brown (Old Gold); webbing of feet dull brown (Brownish
Olive); belly deep yellow (Amber Yellow); iris reddish bronze (English Red).

Variation.—Tubercles beneath the fourth fingers are bifid in 20 specimens
and rounded in all others. The tongue is emarginate in 12 specimens and
cordiform in all others. In most specimens the white stripe on the upper lip
continues onto the flanks and to the groin; in five specimens the stripe terminates
above the forearm, and in three it terminates at mid-flank. The lateral
stripe is absent in two specimens. All specimens were uniform green above
when found at night; later some changed to pale green (Light Oriental Green)
on the dorsum with irregular yellowish tan (Naples Yellow) blotches. Most
males have brown flecks on the throat and ventrolateral gland, but some
specimens are immaculate below, and one has dark brown mottling on the
throat. Several males have a round, orange-tan glandular area on the chin,
as does P. ignicolor.

Description of tadpole.—The following description is based on KU 58199
from 6.2 kilometers south of Rayón Mescalapa, Chiapas, México (Figs. 5B and 6F). Hind limbs small; total length, 39.0 mm.; body length, 10.5 mm.;
body length/total length, 26.9 per cent. Body barely depressed, only slightly
wider than deep, widest just posterior to eyes; in dorsal profile ovoid; mouth
directed ventrally; eyes small, directed dorsolaterally; nostrils barely protuberant,
directed anterodorsally, slightly closer to eye than snout; spiracle
sinistral and posteroventrad to eye; anal tube dextral. Tail long and slender;
caudal fin low, rounded posteriorly; depth of caudal musculature one-half
greatest depth of caudal fin; musculature not extending to tip of tail.

Mouth large; thin fleshy lips greatly expanded and forming funnel-shaped
disc; outer edge of lips having one row of small papillae; inner surfaces of
mouth smooth; scattered large papillae forming nearly one complete row
around teeth; other papillae laterally; beaks moderately developed, bearing
long, pointed denticulations; no lateral projections on upper beak; tooth-rows
3⁄3, all short; second and third upper rows subequal in length; first upper row
shorter; first and third upper rows interrupted medially; first lower row
[Pg 336]
interrupted medially, equal in length to second and third upper rows; second lower
row slightly shorter; third lower row shortest.

Body dark brown above and dark gray below; fleshy part of mouth creamy
gray mottled with dark brown; caudal musculature pale tan with heavy suffusion
of brown flecks; caudal fin transparent with brown spots; dark brown
streak mid-laterally on anterior one-fifth of caudal musculature, bordered below
by cream-colored spot; eye brown in life.

Variation.—The third upper tooth-row is interrupted in all specimens, but
in some individuals the first upper row and first lower row are complete. The
only noted variation in color is the intensity of brown pigmentation on the
caudal musculature, which in most specimens is sufficiently dense to make the
tail look brown. In some specimens the mid-lateral streak is indistinct, and
the pale spot below the streak is absent.

Comparisons.—Aside from the characters listed in the diagnosis, Ptychohyla
schmidtorum chamulae differs from P. schmidtorum schmidtorum by having
dark brown webbing on the feet, instead of pale creamy tan webbing, and in
having in life a yellow venter, instead of a white venter. Ptychohyla ignicolor
also is green in life, but has red flash-colors on the thighs, red webbing on
the feet, and lacks the white lateral stripe diagnostic of P. schmidtorum
chamulae.

Plectrohyla matudai matudai and P. guatemalensis are sympatric with
Ptychohyla schmidtorum chamulae. Each of the first two has a bony prepollex,
rugose skin on the dorsum, and heavy body. Also living with Ptychohyla
chamulae are Hyla chaneque, a large species having a tuberculate dorsum and
webbed fingers, and Hyla bivocata, a small yellow species having a broad, flat
head, small indistinct tympanum, and an axillary membrane.

Distribution.—This species is known only from elevations between 1500 and
1700 meters on the Atlantic slopes of the Chiapan Highlands; it is to be expected
in cloud forests on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Cuchumatanes
in Guatemala.

Specimens examined.—Mexico: Chiapas: 15 km. N of Pueblo
Nuevo Solistahuacán, UMMZ 123325 (4); 16.5 km. N of Pueblo Nuevo
Solistahuacán, UMMZ 123322 (10); 18 km. N of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán,
UMMZ 121395-9, 123324 (8), 123326 (5); 18.6 km. N of Pueblo Nuevo
Solistahuacán, UMMZ 123323 (4); 5.6 km. S of Rayón Mescalapa, KU 58062,
58200 (tadpoles); 6.2 km. S of Rayón Mescalapa, KU 58063-74, 58199 (tadpole),
58234-8, 59936 (skeleton).

Diagnosis.—Diameter of tympanum less than one-half diameter of eye;
internarial region flat; 3-7 vomerine teeth; toes one-half webbed; no white
spot below eye; no lateral white stripe; in life dorsum green; groin and thighs
having bright red flash-colors.

Description.—The following description is based on UMMZ 119603 from
6 kilometers south of Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca, México (Pl. 18). Adult male
having a snout-vent length of 30.0 mm.; tibia length, 14.6 mm.; tibia length/snout-vent
length, 48.7 per cent; foot length, 12.3 mm.; head length, 9.2 mm.;
head length/snout-vent length, 30.7 per cent; head width, 9.3 mm.; head
width/snout-vent length, 31.0 per cent; diameter of eye, 3.2 mm.; diameter
of tympanum, 1.3 mm.; tympanum/eye, 40.6 per cent. Snout in lateral profile
square, and in dorsal profile rounded; canthus pronounced; loreal region
slightly concave; lips moderately flaring; top of head flat; nostrils protuberant;
internarial distance, 2.8 mm.; internarial region flat; interorbital distance,
3.3 mm., much broader than width of eyelid, 2.8 mm. A heavy dermal fold
from posterior corner of eye above tympanum to insertion of forelimb, covering
upper edge of tympanum; tympanum elliptical, its greatest diameter equal
to its distance from eye. Forearm moderately robust having distinct dermal
fold on wrist; pollex moderately enlarged without nuptial spines; second and
fourth fingers equal in length; subarticular tubercles round, none is bifid;
[Pg 338]
discs on fingers moderate in size, that on third finger slightly larger than
tympanum; no web between first and second fingers; vestige of web between
other fingers. Heels overlap when hind limbs adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation
extends to anterior corner of eye; no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle
large, flat, and elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle near inner one and triangular
in shape; subarticular tubercles round; length of digits from shortest
to longest 1-2-5-3-4; third toe webbed to proximal end of penultimate phalanx;
fourth toe webbed to distal part of antepenultimate phalanx; fifth toe webbed
to middle of penultimate phalanx; discs on toes smaller than on fingers. Anal
opening directed posteriorly at upper edge of thighs; no anal flap; pair of
large tubercles below anal opening; small tubercles ventral and lateral to these.
Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of limbs smooth; that of throat and belly
granular. Ventrolateral glands noticeably thickened, extending from axilla
nearly to groin and only narrowly separated midventrally on chest; skin of
anterior part of chin thickened and glandular. Tongue cordiform, shallowly
notched behind and only slightly free posteriorly; vomerine teeth 0-3, situated
on rounded elevations between somewhat larger, round inner nares; openings
to vocal sac large, one situated along posterior margin of each mandibular
ramus.

Dorsal ground-color of head, body, and limbs dull brown with dark brown
reticulations on head and body and dark brown transverse bands or spots on
limbs; first and second fingers cream color; third and fourth fingers dull tan;
anterior surfaces of thighs pale brown; posterior surfaces of thighs cream
color with heavy suffusion of brown; dorsal surfaces of tarsi and third, fourth,
and fifth toes dull brown with dark brown spots; first and second toes creamy
white; webbing on foot brown; axilla and groin cream color; flanks brown; no
white stripes on edge of upper lip or on flank; faint, barely discernible tan
streak above anal opening; faint creamy tan line on ventrolateral edges of
tarsi; throat, belly, ventral surfaces of limbs, inner edges of tarsi, and first
toes cream color; outer ventral surfaces of tarsi and other toes brown; chest
and throat spotted with brown; ventrolateral and chin glands orange-brown.

In life the dorsum was uniform green (Cosse Green) becoming paler green
(Bright Green-Yellow) on flanks, later changing to paler green (Javel Green)
on dorsum with irregular darker green (Lettuce Green) markings and greenish
yellow (Green-Yellow) on flanks; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs,
ventral surfaces of shanks, anterior surfaces of tarsi, and upper proximal surfaces
of first, second, and third toes red (Coral Red); venter pale creamy
yellow (Sulfur Yellow); iris pale golden color (Aniline Yellow).

Variation.—Of 13 specimens, six have a cordiform tongue; the others have
an emarginate tongue. Five specimens have round subarticular tubercles
beneath the fourth fingers; six specimens have a bifid tubercle on one hand,
and two specimens have bifid tubercles on both hands. A round gland is
present on the chin of all specimens; in some the gland is barely visible, but
in others it is large and distinct. In two specimens the ventrolateral glands
are weakly developed; in the others the glands are well developed and orange-tan.
The white anal stripe varies from a thin line to a series of white flecks.
Dark brown or black flecks are present on the throat, chest, and flanks of all
specimens. In some the flecks are small and widely scattered; in others the
flecks are larger and more numerous. All specimens were pale green above
[Pg 339]
when calling at night; later they changed to dull green with darker green
reticulations. The flash-colors on the thighs and in the groin vary from red
to orange-red or brownish red.

Description of tadpole.—The following description is based on KU 71716
from Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca, México (Figs. 5C and 6G). Hind limbs small;
total length, 39.6 mm.; body length, 11.8 mm.; body length/total length, 29.8
per cent. Body moderately depressed, only slightly wider than deep, in dorsal
profile ovoid, widest just posterior to eyes; in lateral profile snout rounded;
mouth directed ventrally; eyes small, directed dorsolaterally; nostrils barely
protuberant, directed anteriorly, somewhat closer to eye than snout; spiracle
sinistral and posteroventrad to eye; anal tube dextral. Tail long and slender;
caudal fin low and rounded posteriorly; depth of caudal musculature about
one-half greatest depth of caudal fin; musculature not extending to tip of
tail.

Mouth large; thin fleshy lips greatly expanded and forming large funnel-shaped
disc; width of mouth about two-thirds greatest width of body; outer
edge of lips having one row of small papillae; inner surface of mouth smooth;
scattered large papillae forming one nearly complete row around teeth; other
papillae laterally; one large papilla just above each end of first lower tooth-row;
beaks moderately developed bearing long, pointed denticulations; no
lateral projections on upper beak; tooth-rows 3⁄3, all short; second and third
upper rows subequal in length; first upper row shorter; first lower row equal
in length to second and third upper rows; second lower row slightly shorter;
third lower row shortest.

Body creamy gray with dark brown flecks above and below; mouth colored
like body; caudal musculature creamy tan; caudal fin transparent; dark brown
streak on anterior third of caudal musculature; rest of tail and all of caudal fin,
except anterior two-thirds of ventral fin, heavily flecked with brown; iris silvery
bronze color in life.

Variation.—The only other known tadpole, which was collected with the
individual described above, differs in having only two upper tooth-rows. The
first upper tooth-row seems not to have developed.

Comparisons.—From P. schmidtorum chamulae and P. s. schmidtorum, P.
ignicolor differs as follows: Tympanum smaller; snout more nearly square; less
webbing on toes; internarial region flat instead of depressed; white lateral
stripes lacking.

Ptychohyla ignicolor and several small and moderate sized hylids are
sympatric. From P. ignicolor these hylids can be distinguished as follows:
Hyla dendroscarta has a round snout and yellow dorsum; Hyla erythromma
has a round snout, green dorsum, white flanks, and a red eye; Hyla hazelae has
a tarsal fold, green dorsum, and a black line on the canthus; and Ptychohyla
leonhardschultzei has a tarsal fold, brown dorsum, black and white flanks, and
horny nuptial spines in breeding males.

Distribution.—This species is known from only two localities at elevations
of 1500 and 1850 meters in the cloud forest on the northern (Atlantic) slopes
of the Sierra Madre Oriental in northern Oaxaca.

Specimens examined.—Mexico: Oaxaca: Vista Hermosa, KU 71334, 71716
(tadpoles), UMMZ 119602; 6 km. S of Vista Hermosa, KU 71335-42, 71343
(skeleton), UMMZ 119603, 123327 (2).